Impact of Black Death - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 672 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Black Death Essay Did you like this example? The Black Death was the plague that took over Europe from 1348 to 1351. It was given the name Black Death during the sixteenth century. The origin of the Black Death is still unknown. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact of Black Death" essay for you Create order Originally, scholars believed it was a strand of bubonic plague that humans obtain from fleas off of infected rats. They ruled this out because the bubonic plague spreads slower and the mortality rates are lower than what was seen in the Black Death. Over a third of Europes population did from the first Black Death. The method in which the disease was transmitted was unknown; therefore, it spread even faster because people did not know how to prevent it (Experience Humanities). The Black Death had an impact of art, literature, and the social, economic, and religious life of this time period. The most famous art of this time was the image of the Dance of Death. This image was depicted in many ways, but it most often showed a skeleton holding hands and dancing with kings, queens, popes, and other people in the city. According to the text, they danced their way to destruction. This image symbolized the feeling of death that was almost inevitable (Experience Humanities). Art, during this time, was able to portray the horrifying and saddening moments, as well as the moments that had hope. One of the main fears was where one would go after death. Art captured a lot of Biblical scenes because of this fear. People wanted to be assured, that they would go to Heaven. The Flagellation Scene in the book gives some insight to this idea. The painting shows a group of people that are barefoot and have no clothes on their back. They are whipping themselves in an attempt to rid themselves and their society of sins and end the Black Death (Experience Humanities). Art displayed realistic scenes and emotions during this time as well. Death was very real and very close; therefore, artists captured their fear and others fear and put it into their paintings. The Black Death also provoked strong emotions in literature. Writers continuously wrote stories and poems about the hardships people were going through during the Black Death. The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio was written in 1351. This story portrays the conditions of the Black Death in Florence. The Decameron discusses ten young men and women that attempt to escape the plague by fleeing and telling folk story each day. This story emphasized the usage of storytelling, but overall portrayed the emotions people felt during the Black Death (Experience Humanities). The economy, social hierarchy, and religious beliefs were impacted greatly during the Black Death. Along with the loss of people came the loss of food and workers. The labor shortage caused wages to rise and prices to fall. Agriculture began to fail as a result of the plague. The population also was not growing steadily due to the loss of so many people. This made those who did survive and repopulate, even more susceptible to diseases; however, it arguably killed off the weaker individuals (Experience Humanities). During the Black Death, a war was also occurring. France and Aragon princes were struggling to control southern Italy. At the same time, northern Italian cities started war among themselves. England and France were fighting the Hundred Years War as well (Experience Humanities). Between the Black Death and the wars, Europe lost an extreme amount of their population. The Black Death caused many people to question their religion. People thought that the plague was a way for God to punish them. Flagellants (like the picture described previously) publicly walked around whipping themselves in an attempt to rid society of sins. Many people stopped believing in the churchs power because they were not able to stop the Black Death. It was a time of great disappointment and loss of hope. Those who survived either believed in God or felt remorseful because they survived and other did not. The English reform movement eventually was able to save those who had lost hope (Experience Humanities).

The War to End All Wars An Analysis Essay - 1311 Words

Known as the Great War or the â€Å"war to end all wars,† World War I spanned from 1914 to 1918 and involved most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other countries around the globe. The war pitted the Central Powers—Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Turkey—against the Allies—France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy (Italy switched sides in 1915), Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. The war can be traced back to five main causes, militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, and an assassination. As the world entered the 20th century, an arms race had begun. By 1914, Germany had the greatest increase in the size of their military and Great Britain saw a massive increase in the size of†¦show more content†¦Before looking into the effects of being neutral during World War I, it is important to look at why The United States was neutral in the first place. The United States hoped to stay out of t he way because historically there had been no reason for the U.S. to intervene with European affairs. Wilson was also aware of the large immigrant populations residing in the U.S. who had come from those nations currently at war. (PBS) Also when the news of trench warfare and the horrors linked with it reached the shores of America, it confirmed that Wilson’s policy of neutrality was in fact a good decision. Wilson’s approach also had the full support of the majority of Americans, many of whom could not believe that a civilized entity such as Europe could commit the acts of atrocity seen within trench warfare. (PBS) The United States decision to stay neutral during World War I until 1917 was a brilliant tactical decision that prevented the loss of millions of American lives. During the United States period of neutrality they experienced very few losses and American casualties. The few causalities they did experience came from the sinking of ships as a result of the Ger man policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. On May 7, 1915 the Germans sank the British ship the Lusitania. Onboard were 128 U.S. citizens who lost their lives. (Britannica) On August 17 the German’s sank the Arabic, which also had U.S. citizens on board. Only after the torpedoing of yet another liner,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of World War 1 : Remembering The War To End All Wars998 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å" World War 1: Remembering the War to End All Wars† It was September 1918. The leaves were falling, it was getting darker earlier, and there was a nice breeze in the air. We were used to all kind of weather since we lived in Chicago. The Great War was underway, and many people thought this was a bad thing, but it was doing good things for my family of four. We lived in a neighborhood next to Logan Square in Chicago. We had a small house but it had everything we needed. 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Feminism in advertising Free Essays

string(64) " feminist theories like black feminism and postmodern feminism\." In my essay I will scrutinise feminism in advertising. We live in a world surrounded by commercial advertisements. For a very long time advertisers have used tactics such as gender representations for targeting their audiences (customers). We will write a custom essay sample on Feminism in advertising or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is described by others as the science that capture the human mind long enough to get money out of it. With theories of advertising and their sophistication, my assignment will look at both the advantages and disadvantages of feminism in advertising. Society and social structure are immensely affected by popular culture. Strinati (2004) says, â€Å"in modern setting, popular culture is the culture produced which is commercially created by a few for consumption by many†. Mass media such as television, films, magazines, bus stop shelters, billboards, internet and newspapers are the common forms of communication used by product manufacturers who portray and interpret society. Kellnar (1995, p 5) says â€Å"media is the form of art that teaches us how to be men or women, how to react to society, how to be successful and popular†. These are some of the advantages for manufacturers concerned about the commercial success of their products hence presenting a culture that will be consumed by many. These few points by Kellnar(1995) are some of what manufacturers or capitalists with one thing in mind success of their product use as advantage forcing them to present a culture they believe will attract and be consumed by the most audience. In doing so, popular culture often results in stereotyping people such as women, the disabled and other minorities because depicting them as stereotypes is easy. With advertising as another form of popular culture the stereotyping becomes very bold to ensure fast selling of huge volumes within a short time. To make achieving these targets, manufacturers/ capitalists will not have time to build up their own characters meaning stereotyping must be used. Although these manufactures of these manipulated mass cultural images say popular culture mirrors or echoes the society, the opposite is also true. Unaware the behaviour of society is being affected by these manipulated media images. More and more people are becoming more concerned and worried about how society sees itself and sometimes adapt to these impressions left by this art of popular culture especially feminist who are saying images of women in popular culture are undermining and degrading women. To some extent the feminist concerns are true when you look at what Srinati (2004) says that society does not award the same privileges it offers to men to women. This justifies the argument from feminist regarding the representation of women in mass media. Having started on feminist theory, I will describe it feather more before moving on to how women are represented in popular culture. Feminism speaks for women in terms of social equality for sexes against patriarchy and sexism (Macionis and Plummer 2012). Feminists trying to eliminate gender inequality have four different main theories of feminism, liberal feminism, socialist feminism, radical feminism and what Sylvia Walby calls the dual systems of feminism and each responds to the oppression of women in different way, outlining different causes and different solutions. However they also have criticisms. Liberal feminists oppose prejudice and discrimination against that stops women from pursuing their goals (Macionis Plummer 2012) and Gidens (2009) also says liberal feminism searchers for answers of gender inequality in cultural and social attitudes. It has great support than the other perspectives because it is more tolerant and its views are less threatening to existing values. In Western societies liberal feminists’ plans are to change the political, economic and social systems. Liberal feminists believe that both men and women are not benefiting from gender inequalities (Haralambos and Holborn 2008). Some of its criticisms identified by Valerie Bryson (1999) are basing liberal feminism on male assumptions and norms. The other is emphasizing public life at the expense of private life. Abbort et al. (2005) says liberalism does not explain the exploitation of women, it take no account of structural sources of inequality. Marxist and socialist feminism started from Marx’s conflict theory, blaming the sexual divisions of labour as the barrier preventing women from wealth (Marsh et al 2009) and this Marxist analysis of feminism blames capitalism as the key source of oppression rather than patriarchy, and capitalist as the beneficiaries. Just like radical feminists they have a desire for revolutionary change and want a communist society where production is communally owned. Although Marxist and socialist feminism had a lot of influence during 1970s and 1980s it has lost influence in recent years and some of its aspects have been adopted by other feminists. Just like the other feminist theories it has its own criticisms. It has been criticised for using the masculine theory which does fails to explain of women’s position (Haralambos et al 2008). Its main criticism comes from failing to emphasise how men oppress women (Abbort et al 2005). Radical feminism puts all the exploitation of women on men (Gidens 2009). Radical feminists believe that men are the beneficiaries from women subordination. Valarie Bryson (1999) says radical feminists see women as an oppressed group who had to free themselves from their oppressors in this case men (Haralambos Holborn 2008, p 101). Radical feminism is criticised for encouraging women to focus on negative experiences with men and for portraying women as good and men as bad. Banks, 1981; Barry,1983; Stacey, 1983; and Vogel,1983 (cited in Macions and Plummer 2012, p 407) say these distinctions describe the problem of patriarchy in different ways and call for correspondingly distinctive solutions for social damage. We already know that societies and individuals take time to adjust to change and to adopt the new routines therefore the representation of women in media can speed up the process of change, as already demonstrated, that popular culture has enormous effect on society. Even though the representation of women in media is largely hidden by capitalism profit making agendas, an exact representation of society would harm the feminist motives. There are other feminist theories like black feminism and postmodern feminism. You read "Feminism in advertising" in category "Papers" They are all associated with femininity some with theories that try to put limitations on the way women are portrayed by the mass media. Despite the short comings of social and commercial limits on advertisements, advertisers are always a step ahead in terms of change to social reality and they have proved that they can provide better reflection of social changes than any other media. The truth is advertisers continue to miss-represent the female body and women are still seen as cheap of free labour for house work in spite of all the changes in representation of women over the years. In television adverts for both sexes, men appear 76% more as experts than women (Hasseltine 1982). Hasseltine also says women are often portrayed as mothers or housewives without common sense knowledge about their roles. Recent study (Yoder et al 2008) has proved that although women still appear as housewives, they no longer appear as people without voice and mind of their own instead they are now competent, have a voice and perform professional duties just like the male colleagues. This shows a clear picture of change from the past couple of decades. Although changes in the way women are portrayed on adverts are said to have improved, the stereotyping still remains and are adding worthiness to some of the feminist objections about the portrayal of females in mass media. For examples women were seen as voiceless, passive sexual objects for male gaze, nevertheless today it is still the same, except women are no longer presented as inactive but as desirable sexual subjects who presents themselves in that objectified manner because they want to (Goldman, 1992). This is now post feminism and advertisers still use their narrow ideas that create feminine qualities and feminists are finding difficult to persuade advertisers to change these gender identities because advertisers put so much money towards these ideas and cannot afford to have low commercial results (Cortese 2008) and to achieve high commercial results they must use their femininity ideas. They then persuade a beautiful female in what they call perfect body, slim and tall without blemish. Storey (2003) in his book â€Å"Inventing Popular Culture† calls the advertisers, the ruling class, who constitute themselves under the guise of democratic populism, exploits the art of popular culture and the manipulative art of advertising to promote docile conformism and worship of the new which keeps the consumer in a confused state of changing fashion and insecure about his/her taste. Especially on beauty products, the manipulation of art of advertising is extended by air brushing the women to look extra fine causing women to feel inferior among others. Men as a result of these manipulated images raise the expectation from women which creates more gender stereotyping. Even though post feminism shows women as professionals and not as stupid mothers or housewives, they persist showing them as objects, even in advertisements/commercials meant for the male audience. Female audience have the worst adverts that objectify women for purposes of selling products such as lingerie. Post feminism shows semi naked female bodies that are considered as showing the sexual power of women over men, this in pre-feminism time was seen as offensive (Amy-Chinn 2006). This is one form of feminism that has limitation to the feminist theory of popular culture. Like I said before, feminist objections of stereotyping women are more evident in commercials that sell products for women and in magazines for female audience (Lindner 2004). Research conducted by Lindner (2004) concluded adverts from magazines for female audience stereotyped women 78% more than any other magazines, so if it is true that adverts/commercials are created with the targeted audience in mind, then women find themselves in inferior positions in such magazines and are identified better with such stereotyping. Such advertisements limits the work of feminists and their theory of saying advertisements should reflect social reality become invalid as such advertising do reflect reality but harming the feminist plan. If this kind of female stereotyping is a reflection of society, then there is nothing wrong with the popular culture that presents the female body in such a way. Unfortunately popular culture has great impact on how people carry and see themselves around others. The air bushed female bodies on advertisements will lead to denial of how they look without the manipulation. Individuals exposed to sexist commercials had negative thoughts about their own body image (Lavine et al 1999). This, without the criticism from feminists, is not best for society and its best not to show sexist advertisements which show the female body as an object. It has serious consequences on a lot of women especially the younger ones where it may result in problems like eating disorders, plastic surgeries, locking themselves away from society Another disadvantage of sexiest advertisements is that showing women as sex objects, excluding them from society, can cause men to have negative perception of women. For example (Rosewarne 2005) says criminality can lead to perception of fear in women, and this is not acceptable in society especially from feminists who are fighting for woman to be equal to men. Unfortunately another form of commercials that is increasing masculine power is the outdoor advertisements that sexually degrade women and strengthening their exclusion is on city spaces (Ibid, p67). This cause sexual violence which forces women to reduce their movements and this type of popular culture which creates an environment is not acceptable in society. Feminists need to come up with more powerful arguments that the ones mentioned above to solve this matter that is rising from stereotyping and showing women as sexual objects. Strinati, (2004) says some feminists are campaigning for a female world that excludes men. Gill (2008) says by purchasing underwear to tea or coffee they are representing power and independence. This is also adding to advertisements that are meant for the female audience meaning more stereotyping especially if it’s a woman to women commercials, resulting in feminists failing to field the answer to the problem of stereotyping women in popular culture. In the last 30years changes have happened in favour of women about their representation in popular culture especially the way they are portrayed in commercials. From stupid mother or housewife without a voice in the 1980’s to professional knowledgeable people with a voice in the twenty first century, despite all these changes in the way women are represented in advertisements they still experience stereotyping. Pre feminists saw the stereotyping off women as harmful today, the postfeminist supports the idea of showing the female body as sexual objects saying it signifies the power that the female body has over men. The objectification of the female body is still seen as the main way undermining women’s bodies and the limits found in feminism have made it hard for feminists to out rightly challenge the deception of women in popular culture. In conclusion, there clear evidence that feminists do not agree about the origins of inequality between men and women. They argue that women have always been in a subordination position while some say gender inequalities originate from particular historical events (Haralambos and Holborn 2008). Women have suffered oppression in the past without a voice and today they have a voice but still experience oppression in one way or the other. In advertising we saw objectification of women in advertisements as harmful in the 1970s and 1980s and in the twenty first century the objectification of women in advertisement is still happening but is now called the sexual power of women over men. We have also seen that the stereotyping and portraying women as object is a tool for advertisers trying to achieve their targets for whatever they are selling. Stereotyping the depicting of women has been part of advertising and will continue to be a very useful tool for advertisers. The manipulation of images can have devastating effect on out women living them with all sorts of problems. Finally, feminism is a metaphor for transformation, having s voice, for women who did not have a public voice in the past and it is seen as moving from object to subject (Storey 2009). Today the feminism movements are still tackling the adverting industry with the introduction of new revolution ways to tackle mass media about these images that depicting women as sexual objects. How to cite Feminism in advertising, Papers